Dissertations / Theses: '1970-2012' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

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The research is mainly focused on the investigation of changes in the urban part of themunicipality of Rio Verde , arising from the implementation of agribusiness , transformingthe city into a center for regional development of the most important in the country , asituation that occurred from the 1970s . Rio Verde in 2011 reached the fourth place in thecollection of taxes , the main city of Goiás Southwest and one of the municipalities of greaterprominence on the national scene due to agribusiness , having excelled in that year (2011 ) asthe city that contributed most to the Brazilian GDP due to areas of planting soybeans and corn, and breeding pigs , chickens , etc. . The municipality over the last forty years had numerousprojects and favorable situations to achieve the current level , which can be highlighted fourkey players : 1 - changing American farmers , creating a colony in the late 1960s , 2 -POLOCENTRO the project ; 3 - the creation of ME ; 4 - the installation of a plant for the cityof Perdigao , who has about 250 new businesses emerge around them . In this research wetried to show how much influence the expansion of agribusiness and urban transformation ofthe city . To demonstrate the features to get the reality of now this research was composed asfollows: a reading and a brief account of its historical trajectory , showing the stages throughwhich the council passed until the condition of the city , was noted as forming the urban spacewith their transformations due to the explosion of urban expansion of the city from the 1970s .Thus we attempted to answer the question : what happened in the city was the development orgrowth?
A pesquisa tem como foco principal a investigação das alterações ocorridas na parte urbanado município de Rio Verde, advindas da implantação do agronegócio, transformando a cidadenum polo de desenvolvimento regional dos mais importantes do país, situação ocorrida apartir da década de 1970. Rio Verde em 2011 alcançou o quarto lugar em arrecadação deimpostos, sendo um dos maiores exportadores de commodities de Goiás, é oprincipal município do Sudoeste goiano e um dos municípios de maior destaque no cenárionacional devido ao agronegócio, tendo se destacado nesse ano (2011) como a cidade que maiscontribuiu com o PIB brasileiro, devido às áreas de plantio de soja e milho, e aos criadourosde suínos, frangos, etc. O município ao longo dos últimos quarenta anos contou com inúmerosprojetos e situações favoráveis para atingir o patamar atual, podendo ser destacados quatroagentes mais importantes: 1- a mudança de americanos agricultores, criando uma colônia, nofinal da década de 1960; 2- o projeto POLOCENTRO; 3- a criação da COMIGO; 4- ainstalação de uma fábrica da Perdigão para o município, que fez surgir cerca de 250 novosnegócios ao seu redor. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se mostrar o quanto o agronegócio influenciouna expansão e transformação urbana da cidade. Para demonstrar os recursos para se chegar arealidade de agora esta pesquisa foi composta assim: fazer uma leitura e um breve relato dasua trajetória histórica, apresentando os estágios pelos quais o município passou até atingir acondição de cidade; observar como foi se formando o espaço urbano com suas devidastransformações até a explosão da expansão urbana da cidade a partir dos anos 1970. Com issotentou-se responder a pergunta: o que aconteceu no município foi desenvolvimento oucrescimento?

Abstract:

Mestrado em Administração e Gestão Pública
Na sequência da forte crise verificada na Europa, e particularmente em Portugal, a liberalização da economia é cada vez mais uma solução a ter em conta pelos governos. O presente trabalho visa analisar a evolução da liberdade económica em Portugal de 1970 a 2012, recorrendo aos dois principais índices de liberdade económica existentes. Recorrendo aos estudos existentes, esta tese analisa os índices que medem a liberdade económica, descrevendo o seu desenvolvimento, a sua metodologia e principais resultados gerais. A evolução de Portugal em ambos os índices é analisada, cruzando-se os resultados dos mesmos com as políticas públicas adotadas por Portugal nas últimas décadas. A adesão de Portugal à Comunidade Económica Europeia (CEE) confirma-se como o mais importante momento para o aumento da liberdade económica no país. Portugal destaca-se na área relativa às políticas monetárias; contudo, apresenta limitações nas áreas relativas ao mercado de trabalho e ao tamanho do Estado. Estudos futuros poderão verificar se a forma de combater a crise passará ou não pelo aumento da liberdade económica, analisando também os resultados dos índices nos próximos anos.
Following the severe crisis verified in Europe, and particularly in Portugal, governments have been recognizing economic liberalization as a solution. This study aims to analyze the evolution of economic freedom in Portugal from 1970 to 2012, using the existing indexes of economic freedom. Drawing on the existent studies, this thesis analyzes the two main indexes that measure economic freedom, describing its development, its methodology and major general results. The evolution of Portugal in both indexes is analyzed, and the results are crossed with the public policies adopted by Portugal in the last decades. Portugal adhesion to the European Economic Community (EEC) was confirmed as the most important moment for increasing economic freedom in the country. Portugal stands out in the area related to the monetary policies; however, it has limitations in the areas related to the labor market and the size of the State. Future studies may verify if the way to tackle the crisis will pass, or not, by increasing economic freedom, analysing the results of the indexes in the next years.

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La pensée athée fait partie intégrante de la société française depuis maintenant plusieurs siècles. Si de nombreux ouvrages se sont essayés à en livrer une approche idéologique ou philosophique, peu d’études se sont pourtant réellement attachées, jusqu’à maintenant, à en analyser les composantes, les subtilités, les ressorts ou les acteurs dans une démarche purement sociologique. C’est là l’objectif qui a guidé cette thèse doctorale pour enfin tenter d’apprécier plus en détails la réalité du fait athée en France. Pour appréhender au mieux cette réalité et afin d’étudier une population méconnue car souvent discrète, le travail de recherche entrepris ici s’est volontairement concentré sur l’une des rares associations à être exclusivement composées d’athées déclarés. Bien que très petite en taille et totalement inconnue du grand public, l’« Union des Athées » est en effet la plus ancienne association de ce type au niveau national et constitue par là un terrain d’étude idéal pour qui souhaite s’approcher au plus près de la "parole" athée. Par l’étude fouillée de son histoire et l’analyse de sa conception idéologique, puis au moyen d’une enquête inédite réalisée auprès de ses membres, cette thèse propose des clés pour une compréhension plus actuelle de la pensée athée et permet d’aborder l’athéisme et la laïcité sous un angle nouveau, contribuant ainsi à poser les bases d’une autre réflexion sur les problématiques de l’actualité. En remettant en perspective les notions mêmes d’"athéisme" et de "Dieu", elle introduit par ailleurs un nouveau postulat : considérer l’athéisme ne peut s’envisager sans prendre en compte le contexte civilisationnel dans lequel il se vit
The atheist’ thought has been an integral part of French society now since several centuries. Even though many writing works have tried to make an ideological and philosophical approach, very few studies have been set out to analyze its constituents, subtleties, or actors, dealing with purely sociological methodology. It is what this doctoral thesis led as its objective for the purpose of attempting to assess the reality of the atheist fact in France. In order to comprehend better this reality and to study this unrecognized population because of its unassuming nature, the research carried out here has been voluntarily concentrated on one of the rare associations composed exclusively by self-declared atheists. Although very small and totally unknown by the general public, the “Atheists Union” is indeed the oldest association of this kind on the national wide level, and thus forms an ideal field of study for who wishes to close to the nearest way of the atheists’ talks. By studying his detailed history and analyzing his ideological conception, and then, by way of an original survey carried out among his members, this thesis propose the key of comprehension of most actual atheists’ thoughts, and allow to approach the atheism and secularism from a new angle, contributing in thus way to put down the bases of an another reflection on the current issues. Putting in perspective the knowledge itself of “atheism” and “God”, it introduces a new postulate: considering the atheism will not be able to foresee without taking into account the civilizational context in which it lives

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A partir de l’évolution des écarts spatiaux des prix du logement et des prix fonciers entre sept secteurs de Bogota, entre 1970 et 2012, cette thèse analyse l’ampleur des recompositions socio-spatiales de la ville. En croisant l’analyse urbaine et l’étude de marchés immobiliers, cette recherche aborde l’évolution des secteurs déjà construits de la ville et les variations des prix des logements anciens. Contrairement aux recherches qui insistent sur la profondeur et la rapidité des transformations des villes latino-américaines sous l’effet de la globalisation, nos résultats montrent que les différences spatiales des prix du logement restent stables. Seuls les écarts spatiaux des prix fonciers augmentent pendant notre période d’étude. L’analyse statistique des facteurs explicatifs de l’inertie des écarts spatiaux des prix montre que la stabilité globale résulte de la conjonction de deux tendances ayant des effets opposés. La diffusion des commerces réduit les écarts spatiaux des prix, alors que la valeur symbolique du secteur de résidence explique le maintien des différences spatiales des prix. Quant aux prix fonciers, la densification des constructions explique une portion des écarts croissants entre secteurs de la ville, mais reste insuffisante pour comprendre l’ampleur des évolutions constatées
Following the evolution of the gaps in housing and land values between seven sectors of Bogotá between 1970 and 2012, this thesis analyzes the scale of urban socio-spatial transformations. By overlapping urban analysis with the study of real estate markets, this analysis deals with the evolution of already-built areas and their housing prices. In contrast with research that emphasizes the depth and rapidity of transformations in Latin American cities during globalization, our findings show that gaps in housing prices from one area to another remain stable. During the period studied, only in the realm of land value gaps in prices between one area and another did actually widen. The statistical analysis of factors explaining the stability of gaps between housing prices from one area to another reveals that overall stability results from the conjunction of two trends with opposite effects. The spatial diffusion of shopping outlets reduces the gaps in housing prices from one area to another, to the same extent as the symbolic or perceived value of each of these residential areas keeps these gaps in prices entrenched. As for land prices, the densification of buildings explains to some extent the widening gaps in prices between some sectors of the city, but this one factor is not enough to explain the extent of the observed evolutions

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
As mudanças ocorridas no cenário internacional durante a segunda metade do século XX possibilitaram um reordenamento na configuração da agenda internacional, na qual foram incluídos novos temas, entre eles, o meio ambiente, o qual adquiriu destaque político, econômico e acadêmico. As discussões ambientais em âmbito nacional iniciaram-se na década de 1960 e tomaram proporções internacionais nos anos de 1970, que se traduziram em importantes encontros como as Conferências de Estocolmo, de Joanesburgo e do Rio de Janeiro, nos quais eram debatidas questões relevantes, direcionando o foco para a Pan-Amazônia, em virtude de sua riqueza natural. Considerando que a questão hídrica, dentro da temática do meio ambiente, tornou-se um assunto de relevância política e o fato da Pan-Amazônia possuir a maior Bacia hidrográfica do mundo levaram ao delineamento do objeto desta pesquisa, a qual tem por fim investigar, a partir do contexto da escassez de recursos hídricos, os esforços existentes no âmbito da Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica (OTCA) para o gerenciamento das águas da Bacia do rio Amazonas.
Los cambios en el escenario internacional durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX hicieron posible una reorganización en la configuración de la agenda internacional. En esta, se incluyeron nuevos temas, entre ellos, el medio ambiente, que adquirió gran foco en los medios académicos, políticos y económicos. Discusiones ambientales a nivel nacional se iniciaron en la década de 1960 y tomaron proporciones internacionales en la década de 1970, lo que llevó a las principales reuniones como la Conferencia de Estocolmo, Johannesburgo y Río de Janeiro, donde se discutieron temas relevantes, dirigiendo el foco a la Pan-Amazonia, debido a su riqueza natural. Considerando que el problema del agua, en el tema del médio ambiente, se ha convertido en una cuestión de gran importancia política y el hechode que la Pan-Amazonia posee la mayor cuenca hidrográfica del mundo llevaram a la delimitación del objeto de esta investigación, que tiene como objetivo investigar, desde el contexto de los recursos hídricos escasos, los esfuerzos ya existentes dentro de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA) para la gestión de las aguas de la cuenca del río Amazonas.

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Con esta investigación doctoral se trata de analizar el tema de lo inmaterial en el arte contemporáneo y de revelar los procesos creativos vinculados a la interacción, las tecnologías digitales y su relación con el cuerpo. El objetivo no es simplemente crear una “antología” de ideas y obras de arte que son relevantes a la inmaterialidad y la respiración, sino presentar de manera integrada y rigurosa los caminos alternativos de la creación y de la percepción, que van más allá de la materialidad. Los términos principales en los cuales se hará hincapié son lo inmaterial en el arte contemporáneo y su evolución desde lo conceptual hasta lo digital; el cuerpo humano como un locus de creación artística y su papel como herramienta de percepción y comprensión; y por último, la respiración como elemento inmaterial que expresa lo corpóreo y lo intelectual y a la vez como materia prima de la creación artística. A través de estas propuestas se ha tallado una vía alternativa en la historia del arte; una vía que valora la experiencia más que la materialidad, la participación más que la autoridad, el flujo más que la estabilidad y la apertura más que la exclusión. Es un camino que discurre a través de múltiples niveles de expresión cultural, diferentes enfoques teóricos que confirma una aproximación profundamente intercultural e interdisciplinaria. Más concretamente, esta tesis trata de revelar la dimensión inmaterial de la cultura digital, el papel del cuerpo con respecto a los recientes avances tecnológicos y la relevancia de estos temas en relación a la cultura visual. La creación de un puente entre lo etéreo y lo concreto pone de relieve el papel de la respiración en entornos interactivos basados en software, la instalación y el vídeo arte, y por último, en la performance. El análisis está formado por tres líneas principales, que se entrelazan entre sí y con otras líneas secundarias a lo largo del desarrollo de esta tesis. La primera línea abarca la investigación de lo inmaterial y la evolución de su comprensión desde la esfera de lo conceptual en el arte desde los años 1970 hasta el mundo contemporáneo digital. Se basa principalmente en la fenomenología de Maurice Merleau-Ponty y en las afirmaciones post-fenomenológicas de Don Ihde, teniendo en cuenta el enfoque de Nicolás Bourriaud sobre la postproducción. Este análisis teórico se completa con artistas que trabajan con arte interactivo basado en software, cuyo aspecto material es casi inexistente; las obras mencionadas requieren la participación con todo el cuerpo, principalmente la respiración. La segunda línea aborda la relación de la respiración con el pensamiento filosófico y la práctica artística, a partir de un análisis teórico que empieza con la filosofía griega e india y llega al pensamiento contemporáneo. Este sustrato teórico ayuda a aproximarse a los artistas que trabajan con la respiración como materia prima o fuente de inspiración, sobre todo centrándose en instalaciones artísticas. La tercera línea observa la respiración a través del prisma de la acción performativa; por ello la estructura teórica abarca tanto la relación de la respiración con la voz y el habla como su papel en la performance y la formación de los actores, con un énfasis especial en el pensamiento de Antonin Artaud. Posteriormente, el análisis se dedica al espacio intermedio entre el teatro y la performance y a artistas que trabajan con la performance. El objetivo principal en esta tesis es profundizar en el papel que tiene lo inmaterial en las actividades artísticas y mostrar cómo fomenta un enfoque abierto al arte, dirigido hacia la percepción por el cuerpo. Para llegar a él, primero se construirá una base teórica sobre el tema, basada sobre todo en una aproximación filosófica y literaria, y posteriormente se analizará la obra de artistas que trabajan con la respiración en relación con lo inmaterial y el cuerpo.
Through this doctoral research I sought to investigate the question of the immaterial in contemporary art and to reveal the creative processes that are connected to interaction, digital technologies and embodiment. The objective is not to simply make an “anthology” of ideas and artworks that are relevant to immateriality and breath, but to present in an integrated and rigorous manner the alternative paths of creation and perception, which go beyond the limits of the material object. The main terms that I aim to bring into light will be the immaterial in contemporary art and how it evolves from the conceptual to the digital; also, the human body as a locus of artistic creation and its role as a tool of perception; lastly, breath as an immaterial element that expresses the corporeal and the intellect –and hereby as a prime matter of artistic creation. Through these questions an alternative path in art history will be carved: one that emphasizes experience over materiality, participation over authority, flux over stability and openness over exclusion. It is a path that passes through multiple layers of cultural expression, different theoretical approaches, and a deeply intercultural and interdisciplinary approach. More specifically, this thesis seeks to reveal the immaterial dimension of digital culture, the role of the body in regard to recent technological advancements and the relevance of these aspects to visual culture. Creating a bridge between the ethereal and the concrete, it highlights the role of breath in interactive software-based environments, in installation and videos, and lastly, in performance. The analysis is formed by three main threads, which are interwoven among each other and with other smaller threads throughout the development of this thesis. The first thread covers the inquiry of the immaterial and the evolution of its understanding from the conceptual frame of the 1970s to the contemporary digital world, building primarily on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology and Don Ihde’s postphenomenological assertions, while keeping in mind Nicholas Bourriaud’s focus on postproduction. This theoretical analysis is completed with artists who work with software-based interactive art with an almost non-existent material aspect, which requires participation through the entire body –mainly breath. The second thread engages with the relation of breath to philosophical thought and artistic practice, starting with a theoretical analysis that passes through Greek and Indian philosophy and reaches contemporary thinking. This builds a substratum that helps approach artists who work with breath as a prime material or source of inspiration, especially focusing on installation art. The third thread views respiration through the prism of performative action; for this matter, its theoretical basis involves the relation of breath to voice and speech and its role in performance and actor training, with a particular emphasis on Antonin Artaud’s thinking. Subsequently, the intermediary space between theatre and performance art will come into focus, as well as artists who work with performance art. My main goal in this thesis is to inquire into the role of the immaterial within artistic endeavours and to show how it encourages a more open approach to the work of art, which involves perceiving it through the entire body. For this matter, I focus on theories that create a basis of understanding and subsequently relate them to the work of artists who deal with breath in regard to the immaterial and the body.

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Histories of North American feminist, queer, and queer feminist art can be traced in relation to a history of the institutions, organizations, and structures that have helped to secure and legitimize feminist and queer art practices. My dissertation provides a queer feminist historiographical analysis of key feminist and queer alternative art spaces in three North American cities, in an effort to both affirm their enduring historical significance and to delineate the ways by which the present day histories of past queer and feminist practices support or challenge the dominant narrative lens through which the histories have come to be read. With focus on the 1970s feminist art movement in Los Angeles, the underground queer art communities formed in New York City in the 1980s and continuing into the mid-2000s, and the burgeoning queer feminist cultural communities working in the present day in Montreal, I show how the socio-political conditions of each place have resulted in divergent paths among the institutions. Putting each history into dialogue with contemporary queer feminist initiatives and interventions, I demonstrate how queer feminism can work, in the present day, both to secure the historical significance of these spaces and to critically engage histories of exclusion as integral to their continued relevance.
On peut retracer l'histoire de l'art féministe, de l'art queer ainsi que de l'art queer et féministe en Amérique du Nord à travers une histoire des institutions, des organisations et des structures qui ont contribué à garantir et légitimer les pratiques d'art queer et féministe. Ma thèse offre une analyse historiographique queer et féministe des espaces d'art alternatifs, féministes et queer clés dans trois villes nord-américaines, de manière à affirmer leur portée historique tout en délimitant les façons par lesquelles l'histoire actuelle des pratiques queer et féministes du passé soutient ou remet en question l'optique du discours dominant à travers laquelle cette histoire en est venue à être lue. En me concentrant sur le mouvement artistique féministe des années 1970 à Los Angeles, sur les communautés underground d'art queer formées à New York dans les années 1980 jusqu'à la première moitié des années 2000 et sur les communautés culturelles queer et féministes émergeantes aujourd'hui à Montréal, je démontre comment les conditions socio-politiques présentes dans chaque ville ont mené les institutions dans des trajectoires divergentes. En engageant chaque histoire dans un dialogue avec des initiatives et interventions féministes et queer contemporaines, je démontre comment le féminisme queer peut présentement participer tant à assurer l'importance historique de ces espaces qu'à aborder, de façon critique, les histoires d'exclusion comme étant une partie intégrante de leur pertinence continue.

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This paper presents a study on the teaching given to the officers of the Academy of Military Police ofthe State of Goiás. Its purpose is to analyze the main changes made to the Curriculum TrainingCourse for Officers of CAPM / GO, especially with regard to courses offered for this and the teachingmethodologies adopted by professors. It has been the intention of showing how and why thedisciplines of Curriculum have been changing or gradually being replaced due to the regime prevailingGovernment or due to the need to provide more humanitarian official training for these to improve theirprofessional skills, becoming able to meet the demands of contemporary society. The relevance of thisresearch is the academic-scientific dimension that permeates the track changes disciplinary curriculumand pedagogical practices of teachers involved in teaching military police officers in order to form aprofessional profile that is able to be responsible for the security of the population civil altruistically,avoiding physical repression and symbolic, feature of the Ideological State Apparatus. The theoreticalframework is based on research that address power relations, from the perspective of Foucault(1979), with critical institutions used to perpetuate this power, the history of the military and theirteaching according to Ludwig (1998), Germano (1994), Sostré (2010), Castro (2004), Silva (2012) andothers. A historical review and conceptualization of police and police teaching at the Academy wereconducted through document analysis and curriculum proposals from APM Goiás and other states. Inthe research were emphasized curriculum of these courses, since the establishment of APM, in 1940,until it is in force. The analysis of these curriculum led to the use of theoretical, focused on the historycurriculum advocated by Kelly (1981), Moreira (2012), Pacheco (2001), Silva (2001) and Libâneo(2000). The research methodology was qualitative, using the case study. In the field research, it wasdecided by observation and interviews with a structured schedule. The informants were selected atrandom, among the ex-comandantes/ex-diretores APM/GO and former teachers, current teachers andstudents who attended the 3rd year of officer training in 2012. Through the data obtained, thetheoretical framework, the record of observations and interviews can be concluded that the teachinglearningprocess and curriculum practices currently developed by APM/GO indicate that adifferentiation in relation to what happened during the military governments, facing the military policepreparation for the defense of the territory. At present, the essence of military education is to preparethe future professional to handle everyday situations, respecting the rights of the citizen. Anotherrelevant conclusion with respect to socio-political changes that characterize the subjects of the currentcurriculum of the APM/GO, demonstrating a more civil than military. The research also showed thatthe Academy adopt different teaching methods, with in some cases alternating between positivist andprogressivist theory.
A presente dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre o ensino ministrado aos oficiais da Academia dePolícia Militar do Estado de Goiás. Seu propósito é analisar as principais mudanças realizadas naMatriz Curricular do Curso de Formação de Oficiais da CAPM/GO, especialmente quanto àsdisciplinas oferecidas e às metodologias de ensino adotadas pelos docentes. Tem a pretensão demostrar como e por que as disciplinas da Grade Curricular vêm sofrendo alterações ou sendogradativamente substituídas em função do regime de governo predominante ou em decorrência danecessidade de oferecer aos oficiais uma formação mais humanitária para que esses melhorem suaqualificação profissional, tornando-se aptos para atender às exigências da sociedade contemporânea.A relevância dessa investigação consiste na dimensão acadêmico-científica que a permeia aoacompanhar as mudanças disciplinares da matriz curricular e as práticas pedagógicas dos docentesenvolvidos no ensino policial militar, visando formar oficiais com um perfil profissiográfico que sejacapaz de responsabilizar-se pela segurança da população civil de forma altruísta, evitando arepressão física e simbólica, característica do aparelho ideológico do Estado. O referencial teóricoencontra-se fundamentado em pesquisas que abordam as relações de poder, sob a ótica de Foucault(1979), com críticas às instituições usadas para se perpetuar esse poder, a história da instituiçãomilitar e de seu ensino segundo Ludwig (1998), Germano (1994), Sostré (2010), Castro (2004), Silva(2012) e outros. A revisão histórica e a conceituação de polícia e de ensino policial na Academiaforam realizadas por meio da análise documental e das propostas curriculares da APM de Goiás e deoutros estados. Na pesquisa foram enfatizados os currículos desses cursos, desde a criação da APM,em 1940, até ao que se encontra em vigor. A análise desses currículos levou à utilização dereferencial teórico voltado para a história de currículo defendida por Kelly (1981), Moreira (2012),Pacheco (2001), Silva (2001) e Libâneo (2000). A metodologia da pesquisa foi qualitativa, utilizandoseo estudo de caso. Na pesquisa de campo, a investigação optou pela observação e entrevistas,com roteiro pré-estruturado. Os informantes foram selecionados por amostra aleatória, entre os excomandantes/ex-diretores da APM/GO e ex-instrutores, atuais instrutores e alunos que frequentaramo 3º ano do curso de formação de oficiais, em 2012. Por meio dos dados obtidos, do referencialteórico, do registro das observações e das entrevistas realizadas, pôde-se concluir que o processoensino-aprendizagem, bem como as práticas curriculares atualmente desenvolvidas pela APM/GOapontam para uma diferenciação do que ocorria durante os governos militares, voltados para opreparo do policial militar para a defesa do território. Na atualidade, a essência do ensino militar épreparar o futuro profissional para lidar com situações do cotidiano, respeitando os direitos docidadão. Outra conclusão relevante diz respeito às mudanças sociopolíticas que caracterizam asdisciplinas da atual grade curricular da APM/GO, demonstrando um caráter mais civil do que militar. Apesquisa evidenciou também que a Academia adota metodologias de ensino diferenciadas, havendoem alguns casos alternância entre a teoria positivista e uma mais progressista.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O crescimento econômico de Mato Grosso nas últimas quatro décadas se apresenta como reflexo das políticas públicas executadas no Estado. Contudo, o direcionamento para a produção de commodities gerou impactos significativos no ambiente e na sociedade mato-grossense. Por outro lado, acredita-se que a inovação sustentável nos segmentos industriais pode vir a se tornar fator de diversificação e otimização da matriz produtiva industrial do Estado. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi detectar a capacidade de aderência dos segmentos industriais da alimentação e madeireiro de Mato Grosso em relação aos padrões produtivos associados à inovação sustentável. O estudo exploratório descritivo foi operacionalizado através de um estudo de campo no qual 1.149 indústrias compuseram o universo, e a amostra foi de 92 respostas dos empresários: 57 madeireiros e 35 do segmento de alimentos. Os dados coletados de janeiro a julho de 2012 foram tratados estatisticamente pelo SPSS 17. As análises permitiram constatar que a inovação sustentável ainda não é realidade. Faltam condições estruturantes básicas para viabilizar o funcionamento de um sistema. Embora assim, há fortes indícios de que os empresários estão procurando inovar nos processos, buscam informação, estimulam seus funcionários a inovar e já adotam algumas práticas relacionadas com gestão sustentável. Há uma dicotomia no perfil das empresas do Estado e na forma como intentam inovar, de modo que as políticas públicas não atendem a todos de forma hom*ogênea. Poucas empresas efetivamente desenvolvem inovação sustentável, grande parte adquire tecnologia estrangeira. Além da pesquisa quantitativa, foram realizadas visitas técnicas e entrevistas em onze instituições públicas. Confirmou-se a hipótese de que as instituições públicas foram ineficientes no processo de “desenvolvimento regional sustentável”, pois geraram apenas crescimento econômico. E são responsáveis pela estrutura produtiva atual, que desconsiderou o saber endógeno e as características territoriais, para manter as trajetórias estabelecidas. No entanto, há possibilidade de mudar a matriz produtiva atual desde que as institucionalidades sejam transformadas e a educação e o aprendizado somados às estruturas de suporte aos micros e pequenos empresários se fortaleçam através da cooperação. Sugerem-se diretrizes.
The economic growth of Mato Grosso in the last four decades is presented as a reflection of public policies implemented in the state, although the direction for the commoditie´s production has generated significant impacts on the environment and in the local society. Moreover, sustainable innovation in industries might become a factor of diversification and optimization of industrial production matrix of the state. Thus, the objective of this thesis is the ability to detect adherence of Food and Wood industries of Mato Grosso over the paradigm of sustainable innovation. The exploratory study was operationalized through a field study in which 1149 industries formed the universe, a random with 92 responses of entrepreneurs, 57 wood´s and 35 food´s supply. The data collected from January to July 2012 were statistically analyzed by SPSS 17. Such analyzes have revealed that sustainable innovation is not yet configured as a reality, lacking basic structural conditions to enable the operation of the system, however there is strong evidence that entrepreneurs are pursuing innovation in processes, seek information, encouraging their employees to innovate and already adopt some practices related to sustainable management. There is a dichotomy in the profile of companies in the state and also in the way they seek to innovate, so that public policies do not meet all evenly. Few companies effectively develop sustainable innovation, largely acquire foreign technology. Besides the quantitative research were technical visits and interviews in eleven public institutions in order to collect qualitative information about the industry and their adherence to sustainable innovation. This study confirmed the hypothesis that public institutions were inefficient in the process of "sustainable regional development", as generated only economic growth. And are responsible for the current production structure that excluded indigenous or autoctone knowledge and territorial characteristics, to established and maintain the path dependence. However there is the possibility of transforming these productive structures since the institutionalities be transformed and education, learning and support structures to micro and small business owners are strengthened through cooperation. Guidelines were suggested.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre la publicidad y el fetichismo de la mercancía en el capitalismo contemporáneo. Tiene como punto de partida el presupusto de que esta relación es histórica, es decir, compleja y mutable, que se funda en el hecho de la publicidad mover el significado de las mercancias de forma específica de como son producidas para el universo simbólico del consumo. Así, es esencial identificar la manera única como la publicidad efectua tales desplazamientos en el presente. Al principio, se realiza un debate genérica sobre la relación entre publicidad y fetichismo de la mercancía; cuyo objetivo es iluminar, desde una mirada socio-histórico, sus presupuestos, características y, en general, sus tendencias de cambio en el tiempo. En el segundo capítulo se realizó un análisis de los anuncios televisivos del banco Itaú, hechos entre los años 70 y la actualidad, con el fin de comprender la transformación del discurso publicitario en este período, en relación a los conceptos utilizados - valores privados que el emisor tiene la intención de asociarse a lo que promueve -, y la identificación de los conceptos centrales de la publicidad contemporánea, através de los cuales se efectiva el desplazamiento del significado de las mercancías de los procesos reales de la acumulación de capital a otro "contexto". Al final, se busca dar una respuesta directa y concisa al problema que mueve la investigación - Como la publicidad se refiere al fetichismo de la mercancía en el capitalismo contemporáneo? - Así como, complementar esta respuesta con algunas reflexiones sobre el significado social de la disposición actual de los anuncios para mostrar en su núcleo el concepto que hemos identificado como central en los anuncios televisión contemporáneos del Itaú, y sobre el universo de los receptores de las mensajes baseadas en tal conceptos.
O objetivo maior do presente trabalho é problematizar a relação entre publicidade e fetichismo da mercadoria no capitalismo contemporâneo. Parte-se do pressuposto de que essa relação é histórica, isto é, complexa e mutável, e que está fundada no fato da publicidade deslocar o significado das mercadorias da forma específica como são produzidas para o universo simbólico do consumo. Assim, encara-se como imprescindível identificar a maneira singular como a publicidade efetua tal deslocamento no presente. Em um primeiro momento, realiza-se uma discussão genérica sobre a relação entre publicidade e fetichismo da mercadoria; cujo objetivo é esclarecer, a partir de um olhar sócio- histórico, os seus pressupostos, características e, em linhas gerais, suas tendências de mudança no tempo. No segundo capítulo realizamos uma análise dos anúncios televisivos do banco Itaú, veiculados entre os anos 70 e os dias atuais, tendo em vista a compreensão da transformação do discurso publicitário nesse período, no que toca aos conceitos utilizados - valores particulares que o emissor pretende associar ao que promove -, e a identificação dos conceitos centrais da publicidade contemporânea, através dos quais efetiva-se o deslocamento do significado das mercadorias dos processos reais de acumulação do capital para outro contexto . Ao final, busca-se dar uma resposta direta e concisa ao problema que movimenta a pesquisa - Como a publicidade se relaciona com o fetichismo da mercadoria no capitalismo contemporâneo? - Assim como, complementar tal resposta com algumas reflexões sobre o significado social da disposição atual dos anúncios para apresentar em seu cerne o conceito que identificamos como central nos anúncios televisivos contemporâneos do Itaú; e sobre o universo dos receptores das mensagens pautadas em tais conceitos.

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Ce mémoire traite des diverses agences de notation et de l'importance qu'elles accordent aux fluctuations du nationalisme dans l'émission des cotes de crédit du Québec de 1970 à 2012. Plus spécifiquement, il a pour objectif de traiter de la situation des finances publiques du Québec, de démystifier le rôle de la notation financière et de déterminer si le nationalisme québécois est une variable spécifique prépondérante dans le processus d'évaluation des agences de notation. L'analyse statistique occupe une portion importante de la démonstration. Ce faisant, il est possible d'établir des modèles, voire des préférences méthodologiques, pour chacune des agences de notation à l'étude dans ce document. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que le nationalisme québécois n'est pas une variable spécifique prépondérante dans l'évaluation des agences de notation à l'endroit du Québec mais que ce sont plutôt les facteurs institutionnels et fiscaux qui vont primer lors de l'émission des cotes de crédit.

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El documento digital no refiere un asesor
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Analiza cómo la fluctuación de la demanda mundial y la competitividad local afecta la evolución de las exportaciones peruanas agroindustriales no tradicionales entre los años 1970 y el año 2012. Determina el potencial futuro de las exportaciones peruanas agropecuarias no tradicionales a partir de un análisis a nivel macroeconómico y microeconómico que utiliza información de las exportaciones y los principales mercados de destino. Se analiza las potencialidades y las limitaciones en el sector agroindustrial.
Tesis

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, 2013.
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No presente trabalho, interpreto e articulo memórias de experiências e saberes de merendeiras de escolas rurais no Distrito Federal, materializadas em narrativas orais, registradas em documentos, textos escritos, teses e dissertações pertinentes ao tema merenda escolar, bem como em registros audiovisuais – o filme A Festa de Babete e o documentário sem título elaborado por professores da Escola Classe do Cariru –, para compreender singularidades presentes nos trabalhos realizados pelas merendeiras que entrevistei. Nesse processo, descortinam-se inúmeras referências dessas mulheres, calcadas nas experiências de vida, de trabalho, de migração, dos cuidados com a casa e as crianças, que se entrecruzam e dão formas às merendas que elas elaboram cotidianamente. Por meio delas, elas se inserem em diferentes contextos e grupos, de dentro e fora das escolas do Cariru e do Buriti Vermelho, construindo suas identidades em relação ao trabalho com a merenda, por meio das quais se inscrevem como sujeitos históricos nesses lugares e na sociedade em geral. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
In this paper memories, experiencies and knowhow of merendeiras who work at the Cariru and Buriti Vermelho schools at the rural area of Região Administrativa do Paranoá Distrito Federal are interpreted to realize how their everyday work and duties in preparing children´s school meals are intertwined with their life experiences and memories of work, migration, home and children care. The understanding of the singularity of these women work is depicted from the analysis of the oral narratives of the merendeiras, reference books, studies and papers, written sources, official documents as well as audiovisual pieces like a documentary directed by teachers of the Cariru school and the movie Babettes Gaestedub. By their life and singular working experiences they make themselves present at different spaces and set relationships with different groups of people inside and outside schools spaces. These women´s identities are build and bond to their duties of preparing school meals for children and that is also how they activelly act as historical subjects.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This research aims to describe and interpret the ways of life, labor relations and forms of struggle that cross social relations of subjects that are hidden in the region: the field workers. This research covers the extreme west of Paraná, specifically the municipalities of Rondon and Pato Bragado, between the 1970s to the year 2012. During this period the fields of the region underwent a profound transformation process in order to produce, in labor relations and modes of life. What was called hegemony of "modernization of the countryside", a term which characterizes the process qualified as positive for the entire rural population. This process has been widely analyzed by different areas of knowledge, which sometimes reduced to the mere intensification of the use of technologies. However, it goes far beyond that and passes the relations between the reorganization of production, changes in work relationships and changes in labor law. Currently, the field is called capitalism in the agrarian bourgeoisie as Agribusiness, which is treated as something new, but that is the result of a process of transformation of capitalist relations. We also intend to investigate and analyze the ways to produce and work within the logic of what is called agribusiness
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e interpretar os modos de vida, as relações de trabalho e as formas de luta que atravessam as relações sociais de sujeitos que são ocultados na região: os trabalhadores do campo. A pesquisa abrange o extremo Oeste paranaense, especificamente os municípios de Marechal Cândido Rondon e Pato Bragado, de 1970 até o ano de 2012. Durante este período o campo da região passou por um profundo processo de transformação na forma de produzir, nas relações de trabalho e nos modos de vida. O que foi denominado hegemonicamente de modernização do campo , expressão que caracteriza o processo qualificando-o como positivo para toda a população rural. Este processo foi vastamente analisado por diferentes áreas do conhecimento, que por vezes o reduziram a mera intensificação do uso de tecnologias. Porém, ele vai muito além disso e passa pelas relações entre a reorganização da produção, as mudanças nas relações de trabalho e alterações na legislação trabalhista. Atualmente, o capitalismo no campo é denominado pela burguesia agrária como agronegócio, o que é tratado como algo novo, mas que é resultado de um processo de transformação das relações capitalistas. Também temos como objetivo investigar e analisar os modos de produzir e trabalhar dentro da lógica do que é chamado de agronegócio

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Cette thèse est née d’un questionnement sur le corps de l’acteur en scène au regard des normes, insufflé par le séminaire de Jean-Jacques Courtine sur «L’histoire du corps anormal». Cette focalisation sur le corps en scène réactive ma passion pour un théâtre où les acteurs, désignés comme singuliers, ne sortent pas des grandes écoles de théâtre ou de danse. Ces spectacles, de plus en plus visibles, présentent le corps dans sa réalité et non plus son idéalité. Ces corps charnels ont un impact sur les spectateurs. Que dit ce théâtre des corps sur le corps aujourd’hui ? A quel besoin répond-il ? La partie I, en cherchant à nommer ces acteurs et ces spectacles, interroge des notions (normal/anormal/hors-normes, ordinaire/extra-ordinaire, handicap/handicapé, art/art-Thérapie, professionnel/amateur, …) et des normes corporelles en vigueur aujourd’hui, normes de l’acteur et de sa représentation. La partie II analyse des documents hétérogènes afin de cerner le ressenti de spectateurs face aux spectacles de l’Oiseau-Mouche (au fil de son histoire), de troupes et de metteurs en scène qui mettent leur corps en jeu
This dissertation originates in a questioning of the body of the stage actor in relation to social norms, inspired by Jean-Jacques Courtine’s seminar on «the history of the abnormal body». This focus on the body on stage has revived my passion for a kind of theatre in which actors, perceived as singular, have not been trained in the main theatre or dance academies. These shows more and more conspicuously display the body as real rather than ideal. These bodies in flesh and blood have a powerful impact on spectators. What does this body theatre have to say on the current state of the body? What kind of need does it meet?The first part of this work tries to give these actors and these plays a name by questioning some of the categories (normal/abnormal/out of norms; ordinary/extra-ordinary; disability/disabled; art/art-therapy; professional/amateur, …), as well as the bodily norms of the actor and his/her representation in force to day. The second part analyses heterogeneous documents in order to grasp the perception of spectators when attending the Oiseau Mouche various plays (in the course of the company’s history), as well as those of companies’ and stage directors’ works in which the body is deeply involved

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Orientadora : Profª. Drª. Ana Maria Muratori
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia. Defesa: Curitiba, 16/04/2014
Inclui referências
Linha de pesquisa: Paisagem e análise ambiental
Resumo: A construção do espaço geográfico "Amazônia" tem sido foco de inúmeros estudos e pesquisas, difundindo largamente os mecanismos historicamente construídos, para interligar esta região ao restante do país e ao mundo. Os períodos mais significativos deste processo datam da década de 1960 quando o Estado nacional buscou a implantação de uma série de programas e projetos de desenvolvimento econômico com foco nas vias de acesso e na exploração agromineral. Sob esse foco desconsiderou-se uma série de questões ambientais e sociais que na época eram secundárias ante a busca do desenvolvimento regional. Nesse período de construção do espaço amazônico em novos moldes, a temática da fronteira agrícola era latente, mas hoje os mecanismos produtivos estão revestidos de um maior conteúdo técnico e informacional. Assim, embora a produção agropecuária ainda possa se referir aos mesmos produtos, sua forma de organização passa a ser outra, refletindo novas configurações espaciais impostas pela globalização que se manifesta na paisagem por meio de objetos hegemônicos. Neste sentido, a premissa aqui posta é de a pecuária bovina é o agente principal na configuração territorial e transformação da paisagem rural do estado de Rondônia, reorganizando a produção estadual, influenciando a localização de empresas especializadas e aponta para novas formas de expansão do capital. Assim sendo, as questões centrais que nortearam a problemática desta pesquisa foram: Quais os reflexos da pecuária bovina em Rondônia sobre a configuração territorial e paisagem no período entre a década de 1970 e o ano de 2012? Como ocorreu a espacialização da pecuária bovina em Rondônia? Quais os principais eixos de pecuarização de impacto negativo sobre o meio ambiente, determinando novas configurações territoriais?Para responder a estes questionamentos esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a configuração territorial e a transformação da paisagem no estado de Rondônia, considerando a evolução da pecuária bovina, no período entre 1970 e 2012. Para atingir o objetivo proposto utilizou-se, a análise da paisagem, articulando os conceitos de Milton Santos de forma, função, tempo/processo e estrutura. A coleta de dados secundários serviu para orientar o que se deveria buscar na paisagem, tendo como enfoque principal a pecuária bovina de corte e as atividades a ela ligadas. Os dados de campos confirmaram os dados secundários a respeito da intensa pecuarização e seus efeitos na organização dos objetos técnicos e portanto, na paisagem e na configuração territorial do estado. O estado de Rondônia apresenta diferentes configurações que refletem as diferentes dinâmicas territoriais existentes, quais sejam áreas de produção consolidada no sul, frentes pioneiras no Vale do Guaporé e frentes de expansão no norte do estado. Todas estas dinâmicas requerem do poder público ações diferenciadas que contribuam para o desenvolvimento socioambiental.Palavras Chave: configuração territorial; paisagem rondoniense; pecuária bovina.
Abstract: The construction of geographical space "Amazon" has been the focus of numerous studies and surveys, widely spreading mechanisms historically built to connect this area to the rest of the country and the world. The most significant periods of this process dating back to the 1960s when the national state sought to implement a series of programs and economic development projects with focus on access roads and agro mineral exploitation. Under this approach it was ignored a series of environmental and social issues at the time were minor compared in order to the pursuit regional development. During this period of construction of the Amazon region in new ways, the theme of the agricultural frontier was latent, but today the productive mechanisms are coated with greater technical and informational content. Thus, although agricultural production may still refer to the same products, their organization becomes another one, reflecting new spatial configurations imposed by globalization manifested in the scenery with its hegemonic objects. Therefore, the premise presented here is that the livestock industry is currently the main agent in the territorial configuration and transformation of the countryside of Rondônia state, reorganizing the state production, influencing the location of specialized companies and points to new ways of expanding capital.Thus, the central questions which guided this research problems were: What are the consequences of cattle ranching in Rondônia on territorial and landscape configuration in the period between the 1970s and the year 2012? How did the spatial distribution of cattle ranching in Rondônia occur? What are the main axes of ranching negative impact on the environment, determining new territorial configurations? To answer these questions this research focused on analyzing the general territorial configuration and the transformation of the landscape in the state of Rondônia, considering the evolution of ranching in the period between 1970 and 2012 In order to achieve the proposed objective it was used, the landscape analysis, articulating the concepts of Milton Santos of form, function, time / process and structure. The collection of secondary data helped to guide what should be sought in the landscape, with the main focus on beef cattle and the activities connected to it. The field data confirmed the secundary data concerning the intense ranching and its effects on the organization of technical objects and for that, on landscape and territorial configuration of the state. The state of Rondônia has different settings which reflect the different territorial dynamics, which are consolidated areas of production in the south, pioneer fronts in the Guapore Valley and expansion fronts on the North of the state. All these dynamics require from the government different actions that contribute to the environmental development.Keywords: territorial configuration; Rondônia landscaping; cattle ranching.

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I föreliggande studie undersöks kvinnor och kvinnlighet samt män och manlighet under medeltiden utifrån en textanalys i sex historieläroböcker som utgavs mellan 1970-2012. Tidigare forskning har visat att kvinnor inte benämns i samma utsträckning som män i både historieläroböcker men även i andra ämnen som exempelvis svenska, vilket är det som avgör källäget eftersom genus började användas efter 1970-talet.Nästan inga forskare har berört området medeltiden och därför har intentionen med föreliggande studie varit att undersöka hur kvinnor och män framställs i den epoken. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med ett komparativt anslag där resultatet visar att inte många kvinnor berördes i läroböckerna från 1970, dock något mer under 1990-talet och ännu mer efter 2011. Detta har att göra med att läroplanerna har förändrats tre gånger: en gång 1970, sedan 1994 och sist den ändrades var 2011. I läroplanen 2011 instiftades det att genus skulle vara en del av historieundervisningen, vilket det tidigare inte har benämnts på samma sätt. Samtliga böcker visar att det som var typiskt manligt var att männen hade mycket makt och var överordnade kvinnan. De skulle ut och krigasamt vara ute på handelsfärder. Egenskaperna de skulle ha var att vara kunniga, starka och pålitliga. Kvinnorna däremot skulle vara hemma och föda många barn, ta hand om dem och ta hand om hemmet när männen var ute i fält. Det fanns dock kvinnor som vågade bryta normen, så som Jeanne d’Arc och vågade arbeta med så kallade ”manssysslor” och klä sig i manskläder, vilket var tabubelagt under medeltiden.

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The building of a democratic developmental state has dominated discourse in South Africa recently, resulting in the establishment of the National Planning Commission that has adopted the National Development Plan 2030 as a blueprint for the country’s development plans. Acknowledging the strategic role that the state is set to play in building and enhancing the institutional and technical human capacity, this expectation has been compounded by challenges such as a lack of appropriate institutional capital, a human capital that lacks capacity, and relevant technical skills. These challenges have brought the discourse on the developmental role of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) to primacy. During Apartheid, the SOEs were utilised as tools that drove the country’s industrialization efforts. In South Africa, SOEs also stimulated economic activity in strategic sectors such as energy generation, synthetic fuel development, rail and road development and management. Fortunately, the political economy that guided the SOEs during Apartheid was developmental. The 21st Century developmental states such as South Africa have to contend with the reality that this century has ushered in a new frontier of opportunities and challenges. In this context, the SOEs should be viewed as fundamental pillars for the achievement of the national development agenda. A developmental state without the active participation of SOEs in innovation, research and development, building of institutional and technical capacity, building of economic infrastructure, it is bound not to succeed in its plans for national development. The 21st Century has ushered in a world anchored around information and communication and technological innovations, the SOEs should be at the cutting edge of technological innovation benefitting the country through its capacity building efforts. Consistent with the National Development Plan, a highly competent human capital ought to be developed over time. At the centre of National Development Plan 2030, should be the collaboration between educational institutions from the basic level to tertiary institutions with SOEs – this will sustain the country’s development plans in the long run.

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Esta investigaci?n tienes como objetivo comprender como el CementerioSanta Isabel, mientras que inserta en el paisaje urbano de Mucug? (Bahia), seconstruy? como un s?mbolo de la memoria local. Este proceso de valoraci?n seinici? con la preservaci?n del cementerio - que fue construido a mediados del sigloXIX - por el Instituto del Patrimonio Hist?rico y Art?stico Nacional (IPHAN), conel sitio urbano, en 1980. En este sentido, el Cementerio Santa Isabel, conocida en laregi?n y en Mucug? como "Cementerio Bizantino", adem?s de ser un espaciofuncional y simb?lico desde su construcci?n, se han consolidado despu?s de supreservaci?n como un objeto hist?rico y paisaje s?mbolo de la ciudad diamantina
Esta pesquisa tem como intuito compreender como o Cemit?rio Santa Isabel,enquanto paisagem inserida no espa?o urbano de Mucug? (Bahia), se construiucomo s?mbolo da mem?ria local. Esse processo de valora??o teve in?cio com otombamento do cemit?rio que foi constru?do em meados do s?culo XIX peloInstituto do Patrim?nio Hist?rico e Art?stico Nacional (IPHAN), junto ao s?tiourbano, em 1980. Nesse sentido, o Cemit?rio Santa Isabel, conhecido em Mucug? ena regi?o por Cemit?rio Bizantino , al?m de ser um espa?o funcional e simb?licodesde sua edifica??o, v?m se consolidando, ap?s sua preserva??o, como objetohist?rico e como paisagem s?mbolo da cidade diamantina
2020-01-01

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Ce travail de recherche se base sur l’analyse des quotidiens généralistes sénégalais Le Soleil (1970-2012), Le Sud Quotidien (1984-2012) et Walfadjri (1984-2012). Cette étude vise à décrire la place du sport et des pratiques corporelles dans les journaux sénégalais. En d’autres termes, il s’agit de comprendre comment le sport est représenté, construit et cultivé dans cette presse afin de satisfaire un public très divers, regroupant à la fois des intellectuels et des analphabètes. De quels outils les journalistes des quotidiens disposent-ils dans la valorisation des images et des messages sportifs au Sénégal ? Cette recherche tente de montrer que le sport, véhiculé par les plus grands quotidiens généralistes postcoloniaux, évolue en fonction des régimes politiques qui se sont succédés depuis les indépendances en 1960 sous Senghor, en passant par la présidence d’Abdou Diouf et, enfin, par l’alternance politique de Wade durant les années 2000. En définitive, cette étude entend montrer que les journalistes de ces quotidiens s’approprient, par exemple, la lutte sénégalaise dans une perspective de promotion et de reconnaissance de l’identité et du patrimoine corporel national. Cette pratique culturelle et traditionnelle, appréciée par la population, fait partie d’un éventail d’activités sportives très diverses, qui pourraient révéler finalement le positionnement général, tant politique, social que culturel, d’un Sénégal tiraillé entre modernité et tradition
This research work is based on the analysis of the Senegalese general dailies Le Soleil (1970-2012), Le Sud Quotidien (1984-2012) and Walfadjri (1984-2012). This study aims to describe the place of sport and bodily practices in Senegalese newspapers. In other words, it is a question of understanding how sport is represented, constructed and cultivated in this press in order to satisfy a very diverse public, gathering both intellectuals and illiterates. What tools do newspaper journalists have at their disposal to promote sports images and messages in Senegal? This research attempts to show that sport, conveyed by the largest post-colonial generalist dailies, evolves according to the political regimes that have followed one another in Senegal: since independence in 1960 under Senghor, through the presidency of Abdou Diouf and, finally, during the political alternation of Wade in the 2000s. Ultimately, this study intends to show that the journalists of these dailies appropriate, for example, the Senegalese wrestling in a perspective of promotion and recognition of the national identity and physical heritage. This cultural and traditional practice, appreciated by the population, is part of a very diverse range of sporting activities, which could finally reveal the general political, social and cultural positioning of a Senegal torn between modernity and tradition

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-25T00:05:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1Vers?o revisada Amanda.pdf: 2646581 bytes, checksum: cbd51b3218225bb5f5e15d0d3796dda3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The social productionof a group can be seen from the visual memories of a urbanspace So, the street vendors group trajectory in Feira deSantana city (Bahia-Brazil), 1970-2012, becomes an important piece of this research, sincetheformalized trade of goods redesignstheurban contexture and recreates the city.?Feiraguay? -objectof this research- brings topics that are able to identifytheprocess ofchanging the open market image into a popular shopping mall, resultingin a new group imageandidentity where the street vendors becomemicroand smallbusinessmen. The research analyzes ?Feiraguay? urban spacephenomenologicallyand newenvironmentgenerated by thisurbanandsocialphenomenain the presentmoment. As amethodological process, the urban designhasthe images like a visualbase andmemory resource wich allows a social reality critical view about thisgroup and the comprehension about its visual memory construction based inexistential space metamorphosescontributes to Feira deSantana visual culture.
A produ??o social de um grupo pode ser analisada a partir das transforma??es do espa?o urbano, advindas de suas mem?rias visuais. Assim, a trajet?ria do grupo de vendedores ambulantes da cidade de Feira de Santana, BA, no per?odo de 1970-2012, torna-se pe?a-chave desta pesquisa, uma vez que o com?rcio formalizado de produtos importados redesenha o tecido urbano e reinventa a cidade. O ?Feiraguay?, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, traz em si elementoscapazes de identificar o processo de mudan?a da imagem de com?rcio de feira livre para a de shopping popular, resultando na nova imagem e identidade do grupo, que de vendedores ambulantes passam a ser micro e pequenos empres?rios. A pesquisa busca analisar fenomenologicamente o espa?o urbano do ?Feiraguay? e os novos ambientes de qualidade gerados por este fen?meno urbano e social, na contemporaneidade feirense. O Desenho Urbano, como processo metodol?gico, tem nas imagens o suporte visual e recurso da mem?ria, o que permite uma vis?o cr?tica da realidade social do grupo estudado e a compreens?o da constru??o da mem?ria visual do grupo, a partir das metamorfoses do espa?o existencial, contribui para a cultura visual de Feira de Santana.

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Cette thèse aborde un sujet jusqu'alors délaissé par les historiens, le mouvement néoconservateur, dont elle propose une interprétation d'ensemble en trois âges, trois moments historiques. Elle étudie ensuite en très grand détail le deuxième âge du néoconservatisme (1972-1992), à travers deux organisations essentielles, la Coalition for a Democratic Majority et le Committee on the Present Danger (à partir de leurs archives). L'élection de George McGovern comme candidat démocrate en 1972 suscite uen réaction de rejet de la part des démocrates "traditionnels" qui tentent de reconquérir le parti et de faire triompher leur courant centriste et pro-défense, autour dun Sénateur Scoop Jackson. Ils fondent la Coalition for a Democratic Majority (CDM), dont le double objectif est de faire reculer l'influence de la nouvelle gauche au sein du parti démocrate et de convaincre l'Amérique d'adopter une politique étrangère plus ferme vis-à-vis de l'URSS, rejetant l'illusion de la Détente. Le Committee on the Present Danger (CDP) apparaît en 1976. Il est bipartisant et son objectif est d'alerter l'Amérique sur les risques qu'elle court face à une URSS dont les capacités militaires, selon elle, croissent très rapidement et sont sous-estimées. Le CDP contribue à la campagne contre le traité SALT II, et est l'officine où s'élabore la politique étrangère de Ronald Reagan, lui-même membre du CDP. Il participe ainsi d'une recomposition essentielle du paysage politique alméricain, puisque de nombreux démocrates néoconservateurs du CDP et de la CDM vont travailler dans l'administration Reagan et deviennent républicains.

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Souhaitant à partir d'une perspective comparée contribuer à une meilleure connaissance du personnel gouvernemental, l'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser la personnalité et l'itinéraire des ministres français et mexicains, de montrer comment se déroulent les carrières ministérielles en France et au Mexique, d'expliquer pourquoi elles prennent des formes spécfiques et montrer quels ont été les processus respectifs de formation de ces équipes gouvernantes durant les vingt dernières années. Il s'agit d'examiner les carrières ministérielles dans ces deux pays en cherchant les facteurs qui déterminent les variations dans la durée de la fonction ministérielle. Nous voulons examiner la nature propre des carrières ministérielles, ce qui implique une analyse en termes dynamiques de changements de position des personnes concernées. Pour cela, la présente étude se base sur les paramètres suivants : la durée d'exercice de la fonction, le type de postes qu'occupent les ministres avant, pendant et après leur passage au gouvernement.

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L’étude de l’œuvre de Georges Mathieu, artiste controversé dont les activités s’étendent sur les décennies suivant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, vise à éclairer un parcours méconnu afin de pouvoir l’intégrer de manière plus pertinente dans le champ de l’histoire de l’art contemporain. S’intéresser aux réseaux au sein desquels a gravité l’artiste permet de considérer globalement l’abstraction lyrique et de dessiner des relations complexes entre les différents acteurs des mondes de l’art. Les enjeux du contexte artistique des années 1950 sont ainsi mis en avant plus précisément, conduisant à l’identification de stratégies de promotion en partie basées sur les mythologies du geste créateur. Mathieu, élaborant son discours par anticipation de sa réception et se présentant comme une personnalité médiatique ambivalente, s’inscrit dans une dialectique inhérente de l’art à l’ère postmoderne : l’oscillation perpétuelle entre culture d’élite et culture de masse
The study of Georges Mathieu’s work, debated artist whose activities extend over the decades following the Second World War, aims at enlightening an unkown path to be able to integrate it in a more relevant way into the contemporary field of the art history. Be interested in the networks in which the artist gravitated allows to consider the lyrical abstraction overall and to draw complex connections between the various actors of the worlds of art. The stakes in the artistic context of the 1950s are so put forward more exactly, leading to the identification of strategies of promotion partially based on the mythologies of the creative gesture. Mathieu, developing his discourse by anticipation of his reception and appearing as an ambivalent media personality, fits into an inherent dialectic of the art in postmodern era : the constant swaying between culture of elite and mass culture

Abstract:

La fiction romanesque de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle voit apparaître un nouveau type de roman historique, qui explore les dimensions méconnues de l'Histoire. "Les Fleurs bleues" de Raymond Queneau (1965), "Terra nostra" de Carlos Fuentes (1975) et "Le Turbot" de Günter Grass (1977) suivent, pour ce faire, l'évolution des personnages à la durée de vie hors norme, qui traversent les époques. Ces voyages dans le temps livrent, d'après le point de vue souvent marginal des personnages, une vision de l'histoire fortement polémique. La fiction littéraire se fait ainsi le dépositaire de mémoires oubliées ou occultées. Elle permet aux contemporains de recréer une proximité avec des ancêtres jusqu'alors inconnus. En revenant à diverses époques de l'histoire, les personnages transhistoriques incarnent en effet un lien généalogique. Ils se remémorent leurs vies successives à la manière d'une anamnèse, qui relient différentes générations au sein d'un paradigme temporel original. La réouverture du passé revêt alors une vocation identitaire. En se réappropriant le passé, les hommes du présent s'autorisent un avenir ; les récits explorent les différentes strates de la mémoire collective et fondent, à travers cette anamnèse, une identité riche de potentialités, au sein de laquelle cohabitent temporalités, cultures et espaces multiples.

Abstract:

1941, le prince norodom sihanouk monte sur le trone du cambodge. Face aux dechirements qui bouleversent l'environnement immediat du royaume et plus particulierement le vietnam, il va tenter apres avoir obtenu l'independance totale de son pays de mener une ambitieuse politique de neutralite, afin de maintenir son peuple a l'ecart de la guerre et, ainsi, beneficier de l'aide des deux blocs pour permettre au cambodge de connaitre une relative prosperite. Toutefois cette politique maintenu par un equilibre des plus precaires echoua en raison de differents motif internes et externes. Parmi eux un rapprochement trop sensible avec les communistes et la tentative d'instauration d'un parti unique
1941, prince norodom sihanouk become king of cambodia. Face to the rending in the bordering nations, and most particularly viet nam, he will try, after he obtained a really independance for his kingdom, to lead an ambitious policy of neutrality in order to keep his people away from the war, and so, to profit by help of the two opposite blocks, and then have a certain well-being of the land. However, this policy, enforced by a difficult balance, had felt because of various reasons. Part of them, a rapprochement with communists and the attempt of a single party

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L'objectif du travail est de dégager l'image de la ville et du citadin hispano-américains actuels au travers des métropoles évoquées dans les romans suivants: Mexico dans la region mas transparente et camion de pile (C. Fuentes); Caracas dans pais portatil (A. Gonzalez Leon); une ville colombienne dans al pie de la ciudad (M. Mejia Vallejo); Lima dans la ciudad y los perros (M. Vargas llosa) et un mundo para Julius (A. Bryce Echenique) et Buenos Aires dans adan buenosayres (L. Marechal) et sobre heroes y tumbas (E. Sabato). Le travail est divisé en quatre parties: le cadre géographique, l'étude de la société, l'analyse de la communication urbaine et l'exploration des poétiques narratives. Les paysages désordonnés, contrastes et inachevés traduisent les innombrables problèmes d'une croissance urbaine incontrôlée. L'analyse de la société urbaine romanesque révèle une structure fondamentalement tripartite et fortement hiérarchisée: la masse flottante de la classe moyenne oscille entre l'indécente opulence de l'oligarchie et l'extrême dénuement du peuple. Dans l'espace urbain code, répressif et aliénant, règnent la violence et l'indifférence. La dimension mythique et symbolique des romans traduit le besoin universel de sacraliser l'espace ou vit l'individu. Les structures baroques et éclatées des récits, leurs styles expressionnistes sont l'expression métaphorique de l'inquiétante brutalité urbaine
The aim of this study is to elucidate the image of the present Hispanic American cities and the city dweller through the following novels: Mexico in la region mas transparente and cambio de piel, c. Fuentes; caracas in pais portatil, a. Gonzalez leon; a Columbian metropolis in al pie de la ciudad, M. Mejia Vallejo; Lima in la ciudad y los perros, M. Vargas Llosa, and un mundo para Julius, A. Bryce Echenique; and Buenos Aires both in adan buenosayres, L. Marechal, and sobre heroes y tumbas, E. Sabato. The work is divided into four parts: the geographic frame, the study of the society, the urban communication analysis and the exploration of the poetical narratives. The disorganized and contrasted urban landscapes reflect the innumerable problems of an uncontrolled urban growth. The analysis of the romantic urban society reveals a structure fundamentally tripartite and strongly graded: the floating middle-class mass wavers between the indecent wealth of the oligarchy and the extreme dearth of the people. Violence and indifference prevail in the coded, repressive and off-putting urban space. Some myths and symbols, the narratives baroque and glaring structures, their expressionist styles are the metaphoric expression of the alarming brutality of the urban reality

Abstract:

Diese Magisterarbeit ist dem bis heute sehr komplexen Geschlechterverhältnis gewidmet. Dieses Verhältnis werde ich analysieren, indem ich das literarische Motiv des Geschlechtertausches ausarbeite. Dabei werde ich seine kulturhistorische Entwicklung berücksichtigen. Das Thema wird interdisziplinär behandelt und zwar mithilfe anthropologischer, psychoanalytischer, literaturwissenschaftlicher sowie ideengeschichtlicher Perspektiven und Methoden – all dies um seine Komplexität zu erfassen. Zunächst wird die menschliche Geschlechtsidentität als ein naturbedingtes Phänomen einerseits und als ein kulturelles Konstrukt andererseits diskutiert. Die Psychoanalyse wird den feministischen Theorien entgegen gestellt, woraufhin sie sich als Versuch der Legitimierung der gesellschaftlichen Ordnung erweist. Die anschließende Analyse der kulturellen Repräsentationsformen des Weiblichen wird es deutlich machen, wie schwer es ist, die über mehrere Jahrhunderte tradierten Weiblichkeitsbilder zu „neutralisieren“. Die literarische Grundlage für die Untersuchung der Geschlechterbeziehungen verschaffen die drei „Geschichten über die Umwandlung der Verhältnisse“ (1980). In allen Texten vollzieht sich ein Geschlechtswandel: die Protagonistinnen schlüpfen in männliche Körper ein und auf einmal erfahren sie die Welt aus der bisher unbekannten Perspektive. Dabei empfindet jede von denen die neue Situation anders und doch so ähnlich. Anhand von Sarah Kirschs „Blitz aus dem heiterm Himmel“, Irmtraud Morgners „Gute Botschaft der Valeska in 73 Strophen“ und Christa Wolfs „Selbstversuch. Traktat zu einem Protokoll“ werden die regressiven patriarchalischen Strukturen aufgedeckt, in denen der Frau eine minderwertige Positionierung in einer Gesellschaft zugeschrieben wird. Da sich die Beziehungen zwischen Männern und Frauen in den gesellschaftlichen Machtverhältnissen widerspiegeln, werden die Geschichten im Kontext der sozialistischen Wirklichkeit der DDR in den 1970er Jahre analysiert. Aus diesen Untersuchungen ergeben sich klare Erkenntnisse: die Realität des „emanzipierten“ DDR-Staates hatte mit dem marxistischen Traum nichts zu tun. Diese in den Erzählungen widerspiegelte historisch-politische Wirklichkeit stellte die propagandistische Gleichberechtigung der Frauen in Frage. Die Sozialpolitik wird als eine der modernen männlichen Legitimationsstrategien für die Erhaltung der patriarchalischen Ordnung entschleiert. Damit die Frau nicht mehr über den Mann definiert wird, müsste eine grundlegende Veränderung der gesellschaftlichen Geschlechtsvorstellungen erfolgen. Alle in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Geschlechtertauschgeschichten beinhalten diverse Utopie-Entwürfe, die jedoch keine perfekte Ordnung darstellen. Ganz im Gegenteil – das sind eher negative Utopien, die fundamentale Kritik an der Ungleichheit der gesellschaftlichen Positionierung der Geschlechter zum Ziel haben. Christa Wolf, Irmtraud Morgner und Sarah Kirsch thematisierten in ihren Erzählungen die Problematik der Geschlechterverhältnisse in der DDR der 1970er Jahre und machten auf die Dringlichkeit des weiblichen Widerstandes aufmerksam. Gleichzeitig soll dieser literarische Diskurs die eigentliche Möglichkeit der Veränderung des gesellschaftlichen Status der Frauen aufzeigen. Daher sind diese imaginierten Geschlechtertauschgeschichten als Manifeste für wahre Gleichstellung der Frauen zu lesen.
The present master’s dissertation focuses on the complex topic of sex and gender relations. The analysis is based on a literary motif of a sex change, taking into account its historical dimension as well as its cultural heritage. In order to capture the complexity of the topic, it will be treated interdisciplinarily. This means that the variety of methods and perspectives will be considered, including anthropological approach, psychoanalysis, literary, historical and ideological theories. To begin with, gender identity will be discussed as a natural phenomenon on the one hand and as a cultural construction on the other hand. The psychoanalysis will be discussed as an attempt of legitimization of societal order and confronted with modern feminist thought. Through the subsequent analysis of the cultural forms of feminine representation it will become obvious how difficult it is to dismantle the predominant images of feminity, which have evolved over many centuries. The three stories published in a volume “Geschlechtertausch” (“Sex Change”, 1980) will provide the literary basis for the interrogation of gender roles and relations. There is a sex change motif in every single story: all main female characters miraculously change from a woman to a man and experience the world from a new male perspective. Each protagonist perceives the situation differently and yet so similar. The analysis of “Bolt from the Blue” by Sarah Kirsch, “Gospel of Valeska” by Irmtraud Morgner and “Self-Experiment: Appendix to a Report” by Christa Wolf will reveal the regressive patriarchal structures in which women are usually given an inferior position. The common relations between men and women reflect the distribution of social power between the sexes. Therefore, all three stories shall be re-read in the context of the socialist realism in East Germany (GDR) in 1970s. The conclusions derived from these examinations are clear: the reality in the “emancipated” GDR state had absolutely nothing to do with the Marxist utopian vision. In their stories, all three authors questioned the socialist propaganda of pseudo gender equality. The GDR social policy will be unveiled as one of the modern male legitimization strategies with the sole purpose of preserving the rigid patriarchal order. A redefinition and revision of the traditional understanding of the genders appear necessary, if a woman shall no longer be defined by a man. In addition, the analyzed sex change stories contain diverse utopian visions, which however do not portray a perfect social order. On the contrary, they depict rather negative utopias that aim at revealing and emphasizing the unjustified unequal positioning of both sexes within the society. Christa Wolf, Irmtraud Morgner and Sarah Kirsch have made a successful attempt to explore the problematic nature of gender relations in the GDR in 1970s. This literary discourse represents a radical interrogation of gender roles and relations, but it also shows the possibility and necessity of changing the status of women. Taken together, those three imaginary sex change tales should be read as manifestos for true equality of women.

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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les imaginaires créatifs de cinq artistes du XXe siècle liés au mouvement surréaliste : Leonora Carrington, Frida Kahlo, Gisèle Prassinos, Dorothea Tanning et Unica Zürn. En se centrant sur leur double pratique, littéraire et plastique, notre étude vise à circonscrire l’originalité de leurs « spectacles intérieurs ». Axées autour de l’auto-représentation, leurs œuvres interrogent la question du reflet, de l’identité et de l’appartenance à un genre. En s’imprégnant de codes et de modèles traditionnels – ou convenus – ces artistes soulignent leurs difficultés à se positionner dans un monde encore très dominé par une pensée patriarcale
This dissertation intends to study the creative imaginative worlds of five twentieth-century artists linked to the Surrealist movement : Leonora Carrington, Frida Kahlo, Gisèle Prassions, Dorothea Tanning and Unica Zürn namely. By focalizing on their double practice, i. E. Their literary and visual art practice, our study aims to define the originality of their “inscapes”. Their works, which are focused on self-representation, question the notions of reflection and identity and the fact of belonging to a particular gender. Deeply influenced by traditional or conventional codes and models, these artists emphasize the difficulties to define one’s position in a world still largely dominated by patriarchal discourses

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Cette these se propose d'examiner le genre fantastique italien de ces dernieres annees (en se basant sur cinq auteurs peu etudies), afin de signaler les mutations mais aussi les ressemblances avec les fantastiques anterieurs. Un bref panorama de l'histoire du fantastique en europe et en italie montre les differentes etapes de cette litterature et a surtout pour but de prouver l'existence, longtemps niee, d'un tel genre en italie. Une partie est consacree aux definitions du fantastique et souligne la difficulte a donner une definition unique du genre, valable pour tous les textes et toutes les epoques. Le fantastique ayant evolue, ses definitions sont elles aussi sans frontieres immuables. Cependant certains points se retrouvent avec plus ou moins d'intensite selon les oeuvres et les periodes. L'analyse de l'aspect syntaxique, verbal et semantique, permet de donner une vision du fantastique moderne, de mettre en evidence les ruptures survenues mais egalement de souligner une certaine continuite. La confrontation de differentes theories critiques a abouti a une definition personnelle qui met en relief la richesse et l'entendue du genre. L'etude de cinq auteurs jalonnant le xxeme siecle prouve la vitalite du genre et ses differentes facettes. G. Vigolo, t. Landolfi, l. Malerba, a. Tabucchi et s. Benni illustrent le fantastique dans sa modernite, un fantastique qui puise parfois dans la tradition mais qui innove tres souvent, un fantastique pluriel, fruit et moteur de l'evolution.

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Cette recherche explore l’articulation entre les « nouvelles gauches » révolutionnaires et les mobilisations argentines pour les droits de l’Homme à partir des années 1970. Mobilisant archives et entretiens, elle se situe entre sociologie politique et histoire des idées politiques pour reconstruire la trajectoire militante d’un collectif informel d’acteurs et en analyser les répertoires discursifs. La première partie met en évidence le rôle pionnier joué par les nouvelles gauches dans l’émergence des droits de l’Homme comme référence du discours militant en Argentine au début des années 1970. On assiste alors à un processus d’hybridation discursive mêlant radicalité politique et recours à un lexique juridique, dans un contexte de dictature. La deuxième partie montre comment, malgré la domination d’une conception libérale des droits de l’Homme, la spécificité de ce discours radical se préserve suite au retour à l’État de droit à partir des années 1980. Il se précise alors via une série de mises à l’épreuve (procès des juntes, incrimination du militantisme révolutionnaire, attaque d’un régiment militaire par un groupe de gauche armée). La troisième partie, enfin, souligne le fait que l’usage actuel de certaines notions (« génocide », « 30 000 disparus ») relatives au récit de la dictature ne peut être compris que s’il est réinscrit dans les trajectoires étudiées au préalable, lesquelles produisent des significations sui generis. Le répertoire discursif contemporain des droits de l’Homme révolutionnaires est en ce sens tributaire d’une longue évolution, qui rend compte de la fondation d’un nouveau sens commun radical démocrate au sein de la gauche argentine
This research explores the relationship between the Argentinean revolutionary « New Lefts » and human rights mobilizations since the 1970s. Drawing on both archival work and interviews, it combines approaches from political sociology and the history of political ideas to reconstruct the trajectories of political activism of an informal group of actors, and proposes an analysis of their discursive repertoires. The first part shows that the New Lefts were pioneers in the emergence of human rights as a political discourse in Argentina in the early 1970s. This provided the basis for a hybridization process, in which political radicalness and the use of a juridical vocabulary were intertwined in a context of dictatorship. The second part shows how, although a liberal conception of human rights prevailed in the 1980s, this original radical discourse survived after the reestablishment of the rule of law. It developed and became more precise through a series of tests (trial of the juntas, incrimination of revolutionary activism, attack of a military unit by an armed left-wing group). The third part, lastly, underlines the fact that current uses of certain terms for describing and discussing the period of dictatorship (“genocide”, “30 000 disappeared”) can only be understood in line with the previously studied trajectories, which give them a sui generis meaning. In that perspective, the contemporary discursive repertoire of revolutionary human rights is the result of a long evolution and can only be understood in light of that evolution. Moreover, understanding this history sheds fresh light on how a new radical democratic common sense was established among the Argentinean left

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Notre étude s’attache à cerner les figures du sujet lyrique dans la poésie de Jacques Dupin (1927- 2012), Philippe Jaccottet (1924- ) et Jacques Réda (1928- ), trois écrivains majeurs de l’après-guerre dont le travail poétique a contribué à l’évolution de la poésie lyrique contemporaine. Sans pour autant négliger l’œuvre antérieure et postérieure de ces poètes, notre étude se concentrera principalement sur les ouvrages des années 1960 et 1970. A cette période, en effet, la poésie lyrique s’est trouvée prise dans une situation critique sans précédent du fait l’avènement du structuralisme et du « textualisme » proclamé par l’avant-garde. En réaction au textualisme des années 1960 et 1970, Dupin, Jaccottet et Réda poursuivent une quête opiniâtre du lyrisme. Notre étude n’a pour but ni d’élaborer des critères globaux et universels afin de définir les caractéristiques universelles de la « poésie lyrique » en tant que genre littéraire, ni d’élaborer une réflexion philosophique sur le Sujet ou l’En-soi. A travers l’analyse des figures de sujet lyrique, nous étudierons les caractéristiques de chacun de nos poètes, ainsi que les modes de la poésie lyrique au cours de cette période malaisée. La notion de « sujet lyrique » nous servira de paramètre en vue d’éclairer la singularité et l’historicité des poèmes, voire de la poétique propre à chaque écrivain. Traditionnellement, la poésie lyrique est souvent associée à l’emphase ou au sentimentalisme. La poésie de Dupin, Jaccottet et Réda s’acharnent à se dégager de l’embrasse du lyrisme traditionnel encombré d’égocentrisme. La poésie lyrique n’est plus un genre qui exprime les sentiments et la subjectivité du poète. Nos poètes sont à la recherche d’une nouvelle forme de poésie lyrique, qui convienne à leur époque. L’impersonnalité, que nous trouvons souvent dans leur poétique, s’associe à la production d’une nouvelle modalité de la subjectivité, éloignée de la métaphysique de la subjectivité. Le refus d’une certaine forme de subjectivité coexiste avec la recherche d’une parole singulière, ainsi que d’une nouvelle figure de sujet lyrique
Our study aims to examine the figures of the lyric subject in the poetry of Jacques Dupin (1927- 2012), Philippe Jaccottet (1924-) and Jacques Réda (1928-), three major poet of the postwar whose poetic work contributed to the evolution of contemporary lyric poetry.Without neglecting the anterior and posterior work of these poets, our study will focus mainly on the works of the 1960s and 1970s. At that time, in fact, the lyric was taken in a critical situation without precedent because of the advent of the structuralism and the “textualism” proclaimed by the avant-garde. In response to textualism of 1960s and 1970s, Dupin, Jaccottet and Réda continue an obstinate search of lyricism.Our study doesn’t aim to develop global and universal criteria to define the universal characteristics of "lyric poetry" as a literary genre, nor to develop a philosophical reflection on the subject or the En-soi. Through the analysis of the figures of lyric subject, we will study the characteristics of each of our poets, as well as patterns of lyric poetry during the difficult period. The notion of "lyric subject" will serve as a parameter in order to clarify the singularity and the historical nature of the poems, and those of the poetic peculiar to each writer.Traditionally, lyric poetry is often associated with the emphasis or sentimentality. The poetry of Dupin, Jaccottet and Reda struggle to free themselves from the traditional lyricism based on the egocentricity. Lyric poetry is no more a genre that expresses the feelings and subjectivity of the poet. Our poets are looking for a new form of lyrical poetry, which is suitable for the times. The impersonality, we often find in their poetic, is associated with the production of a new form of subjectivity, far from the metaphysics of subjectivity. The refusal of some form of subjectivity coexists with the search for a singular word and the new figure of lyric subject

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Nous mettons en exergue dans cette thèse le concept de système européen en politique étrangère (SEPE) comme outil pertinent afin d’analyser la politique étrangère européenne telle qu’elle fonctionne, et non pas telle qu’elle devrait fonctionner. Le SEPE – composé des politiques étrangères des États membres et de l’action extérieure de l’UE – met en valeur le dynamisme de la gouvernance européenne, issu des interactions entre ses différents agents et leur utilisation des normes européennes. A travers le SEPE, nous démontrons que la politique étrangère commune face à la solution de deux États s’explique par les usages que fait l’UE3 – la France, l’Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni – de l’UE en politique étrangère. Ces usages sont au nombre de trois : fonctionnel, réaliste et normatif. Nous montrons que l’adoption puis la promotion de la solution de deux Etats résultent de la manière dont ils se saisissent de l’UE afin de répondre à un contexte international difficile, de la Déclaration de Copenhague de 1973 au vote à l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies de 2012 concernant le statut de la Palestine. Le déploiement et test de divers outils de politique étrangère, tels que la position d’envoyé spécial en 1996, illustrent l’usage fonctionnel de l’UE. Les usages normatif et réaliste de l’UE envers les Palestiniens rendent compte de l’adoption de normes financières et politiques très contraignantes, reflétant les intérêts communs de l’UE3. Ces mêmes usages leur permettent de promouvoir la reconnaissance de l’Etat d’Israël, et d’autre part, de privilégier leurs intérêts stratégiques avec Israël au niveau bilatéral grâce à l’expression d’un linkage politique au niveau communautaire
In this thesis we bring up the concept of European System in Foreign Policy (ESFP) as a pertinent tool to analyze the European Foreign Policy as it actually functions rather than as it should function. The ESFP – composed of the Member States’ foreign policies and the External action of the EU – highlights the dynamism of the European governance in foreign policy, which arises from the interactions between the agents of this system and their use of the European norms. Through the ESFP, we demonstrate that the EU’s common policy towards the two-State solution can be explained by the usages of the EU in foreign policy by France, Germany and the United-Kingdom – the EU3. These strategic usages are threefold: a functional or reflexive, a realist and a normative usage. We show that the adoption and the promotion of the two-State solution result from the way they seize upon the EU in order to cope with a difficult international context, since the Declaration of Copenhagen in 1973 to the vote at the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2012 concerning the new status of Palestine. The introduction and test of several foreign policy tools, as the position of special envoy in 1996, illustrate the functional usage of the EU. The normative and realist usages of the EU towards the Palestinians explain the adoption of constraining financial and political norms reflecting the common interests of the EU3. These same usages allow them to promote the recognition of the State of Israel on the one hand, and on the other hand, to privilege their strategic interests with Israel at the bilateral level through the expression of a political linkage at the community level

Abstract:

Cette étude se consacre à l’avènement du Je anti-lyrique dans la poésie italienne des années soixante. C’est à ce moment que la pensée post-métaphysique peut se dire assimilée par la culture italienne, qui y trouve une nouvelle clef de lecture de l’expérience de la guerre et du miracle économique. C’est aussi la période où le réel, cru et changeant, fait irruption dans l’expérience artistique. Elio Pagliarani, Mario Luzi et Vittorio Sereni nous ont parus des représentants emblématiques de cette nouvelle posture du sujet poétique. Nous avons étudié leurs ouvrages des années soixante par le biais de trois catégories principales : la mise en question du Je, le rapport entre le Je et le monde, le rapport entre le Je et les autres. Cette articulation nous a permis d’une part de suivre les trois étapes principales de la reformulation anti-lyrique du Je (face à lui-même, face au monde et face aux autres), et d’autre part de reconnaître une progression dans la perte de l’identité lyrique traditionnelle. Le poète, ayant perdu la consolation métaphysique, commence à rechercher la vérité dans le monde physique ; il comprend ensuite que la vérité des choses est éphémère et que toute unité est brisée ; et il donne enfin la voix à d’autres personnages, dans l’effort de comprendre ce questionnement polyphonique qui est désormais la véritable voix du monde et du poète lui-même
This research focuses on the rise of the anti-lyrical I in the Italian poetry of the Sixties. This was the time when the post-metaphysical philosophy had been fully assimilated by the Italian culture, which started using it as a new reading key to under- stand WW2 experience and the so-called economic miracle. This was also the time when the raw and ever-changing real broke into the artistic experience. Elio Paglia- rani, Mario Luzi and Vittorio Sereni seemed to us emblematic representatives of this new poetic subject's posture. We studied their poems from the Sixties under three main categories: the questioning of the I, the relationship between the I and the world, and the relationship between the I and the others. This structure allowed us firstly to follow the three main stages of the anti-lyrical reformulation of the I (confronted to himself, to the world and to the others) and secondly to recognize a progression in the loss of the traditional lyrical identity. Aware of the loss of any metaphysical consolation, the poet begins to seek the truth inside the physical world; he the realizes that even objects/things bear a fleeting truth and that any unity is broken; and he finally gives voice to other characters in the effort to understand the polyphonic questioning which has become by now the real voice of the world and of the poet himself

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Cette monographie porte sur l’écologie politique en Basse Normandie de 1968 à 2012. En effet, elle nous invite à nous interroger sur le développement du mouvement écologiste, puis sur sa structuration et enfin sur son poids électoral dans cette région. En d’autres termes, nous allons nous demander si la région bas-normande, dominée par la droite, est une terre favorable à l’écologie politique ? Dès la fin des années 1960, la Basse Normandie se caractérise par l’apparition d’associations environnementales et écologiques qui sont déterminantes dans le développement de ce mouvement. Par ailleurs, dans un contexte de remise en cause de l’autoritarisme, du centralisme et de la société de consommation par une partie de la population, le Nord Cotentin fut le théâtre d’une importante mobilisation antinucléaire qui compte dans la naissance de l’écologie politique à l’échelle régionale. Cette lutte a cristallisé les différentes sensibilités partisanes et l’extrême hétérogénéité de ses sympathisants. Au même titre que l’Alsace, la Basse Normandie devient une terre pionnière de l’écologie politique. Toutefois, étant donné leur répulsion quasi-structurelle à s’organiser en parti, les écologistes tardent à s’unifier dans une même structure. Suite à de nombreuses crises et départs, le mouvement connaît de profondes mutations régionales. Ainsi, après le succès électoral, la région bas-normande devient une terre de mission au cours des années 2000. Anti-systèmes dès son l’origine, les écologistes se professionnalisent et participent à des alliances électorales en vue d’obtenir des postes à responsabilité, et ce, malgré les rapports complexes avec les partis de gauche, et plus particulièrement avec le PS, au sujet de la présence du nucléaire dans la Manche. Toutefois, malgré leur réussite électorale lors des élections locales, ils ne parviennent pas à « se construire de fiefs » dans la région
This monograph which focuses on ecological politics in Basse Normandie from 1968 to 2012, tackles the topic question, the development of the ecological movement, its structure, and finally its electoral representation in this region. In other words, we are going to ask ourselves if the Basse Normandie region, despite its right-wing domination, is a land in favor of political ecology? By the end of the 1960s, Basse Normandie was characterized by the emergence of environmental and ecological associations which were decisive in the development of this movement. Moreover, in a time when a part of the population was challenging authoritarianism, centralism consumer society, Nord Cotentin was the scene of an important antinuclear mobilization which paved the way to political ecology at the regional level. This struggle epitomized the different strands of the movement and the deep differences between its members. Like Alsace, Basse Normandie became a pioneer of political ecology. However, given their deeply-rooted rejection of founding party, ecologists postponed the creation of that structure. After many crises, the movement underwent deep regional changes. Thus, after a few electoral successes, the region Basse Normandie became a land of conquest during the 2000's. Despite their anti-system essence, ecologists professionalized themselves and took part in voting alliance to obtain position of responsibility in spite of their complex relationships with left-wings parties, and more particularly with the Socialist Party, about nuclear power plants implementation in the Manche. However, despite electoral successes in local elections, they failed to build their own political territories

Abstract:

Qu'y a-t-il de commun entre F. Cheng, écrivain français d'origine chinoise, H. Bianciotti, enfant d'immigrés italiens en Argentine, G. Macé, dilettante du voyage, attiré par l'anthropologie, Rome ou encore l'Asie, et C. Magris, un Italien de Trieste qui a consacré sa vie à la littérature et à la géographie des frontières ? Au-delà de leurs divergences, on rencontre chez ces quatre auteurs une telle sensibilité à l'espace et aux déplacements qu'ils peuvent tous être définis comme des " écrivains non sédentaires ". La non-sédentarité n'est pas un nomadisme : très concernée par les frontières, avec tout ce qui en découle d'interférences et d'inquiétudes quant au sentiment et à la pratique de la langue, fascinée par les seuils et attirée par les refuges, cette posture non assise est issue d'un rapport aux lieux marqué par la volonté de se tenir debout tout en refusant l'errance. Il en résulte une écriture façonnée par tout ce qu'elle relie. Ainsi, notre corpus, constitué d'essais, de récits et de poèmes, entraîne une réflexion sur le langage à partir de l'appétit, à la fois avide et soucieux, de nos auteurs pour l'espace-monde. Il aborde les thématiques de la voix et du corps en tant que seuils pour l'existence, et situe l'homme en ses évolutions intérieures et historiques à partir de la représentation de jardins et de villes, dans lesquels se logent moins des histoires que des aspirations. La notion d' " écriture non sédentaire " nous a menée à définir son lieu par un néologisme, l' " antrait ", par lequel nous désignons des espaces qui sont à la fois " antre " et " entre ", qui contiennent le repli et l'ouverture, qui engagent l'hospitalité comme accueil et comme partir.

Abstract:

碩士
淡江大學
美洲研究所碩士班
103
Logically, the economic development of countries with abundant natural resources is more beneficial than the one of those with shortages. However, according to the study of economics statistics which prove that countries with the most natural resources get no benefit from the windfall, resource endowment and country development are obvious not in direct proportion. Facts as such are becoming an intuitive paradox, and shaping “resource curse” phenomenon in the academic world.After the discovery of oil in Venezuela from the early twentieth century, oil has always played a pivotal role in the economic development of the country. Although the government has huge oil revenue, it fails to diversify its industrial development, singly focusing on oil industry profits to meet the financial requirement. Due to high volatility and low predictable characteristics of the oil price, the amount of Venezuelan financial benefits has been affected. Moreover, domestic social welfare spending has also come to decrease, both causing domestic unrest and resulting in a vicious cycle phenomenon and consequently falling into the trap of “resource curse.”Since Hugo Chavez took office in 1999, he’s dedicated to the socialist path of development. In order to expand the domestic social welfare policy and the diplomatic goals, Chavez adopted drastic ways, completely took the control over oil companies to obtain financial resources. Nevertheless, in reducing poverty rates and improving health care, his social policies have achieved a certain positive effect. In fact, it was by squandering the oil revenues in exchange for these achievements in the reign of Chavez. In the end, Venezuela still cannot get rid of the harm of “resource curse.”This thesis examines the economic development in Venezuela from the theoretical foundation “resource curse”, explaining how oil gradually became the most important source of revenue to Venezuela in the last century. During the 1970s oil revenues had brought prosperity, but it was only a short-lived phenomenon because of the wrong economic policy-makings and inappropriate fiscal policies, weakening the country’s overall development. Even in the era of Chavez, the same situation remained, his misconducting on the redistribution of the oil income, making the Venezuelan still not be able to escape the curse. When compared with other countries of abundant natural resources and good economic development, oil seems not an original sin of the “resource curse”, but can be viewed as a double-edged sword.

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abstract: Museums reflect power relations in society. Centuries of tradition dictate that museum professionals through years of study have more knowledge about the past and culture than the communities they present and serve. As mausoleums of intellect, museums developed cultures that are resistant to relinquishing any authority to the public. The long history of museums as the authority over the past led to the alienation and exclusion of many groups from museums, particular indigenous communities. Since the 1970s, many Native groups across the United States established their own museums in response to the exclusion of their voices in mainstream institutions. As establishments preserving cultural material, tradition, and history, tribal museums are recreating the meaning of "museum," presenting a model of cooperation and inclusion of community members to the museum process unprecedented in other institutions. In a changing world, many scholars and professionals call for a sharing of authority in museum spaces in order to engage the pubic in new ways, yet many cultural institutions s struggle to find a way to negotiate the traditional model of a museum while working with communities. Conversely, the practice of power sharing present in Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) tradition shaped a museum culture capable of collaboration with their community. Focusing on the Akwesasne Museum as a case study, this dissertation argues that the ability for a museum to share authority of the past with its community is dependent on the history and framework of the culture of the institution, its recognition of the importance of place to informing the museum, and the use of cultural symbols to encourage collaboration. At its core, this dissertation concerns issues of authority, power, and ownership over the past in museum spaces.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. History 2013

Abstract:

Entre 1970 e 1974 a música foi usada de modo experimental na ação psicológica daGuerra Colonial Portuguesa no Enclave de Cabinda ao norte de Angola, como modode elevar o moral das tropas. O presente estudo etnomusicológico decorre da análisede entrevistas a um grupo de ex-combatentes selecionados de um batalhão do exércitoportuguês e a documentos oficiais militares e civis relacionados com este período emCabinda: relatórios e cartas governamentais e dos combatentes, filmes, fotos efonogramas entre outros, sustentam a análise desenvolvida. O trabalho de camporealizado entre 2012 e 2014 teve em particular atenção o modo como a memória agiuna reconstrução da informação acerca de experiências do passado, no grupo em causa.De entre os ex-combatentes selecionados a diversidade de patentes e funções, defurriel a tenente-general, da chefia do inaugural serviço de ação psicológica àoperação de rádio comunicações, passando pela de entretenimento e animação,assegura neste estudo uma visão considerada muito representativa neste estudo.Futuros estudos poderão colher na informação aqui apresentada, original, que assimse disponibiliza para o desenvolvimento de um campo de investigação que se encontraapenas ainda em fase inicial.
Between 1970 and 1974 the music was used experimentally in the psychologicalaction of the Portuguese Colonial War in the Enclave of Cabinda, north of Angola, asa way to stimulate the morale of the troops. The present ethnomusicological studystems from the analysis of interviews with a group of ex-combatants selected from abattalion of the Portuguese army and official military and civil documents related tothis period in Cabinda: reports and letters from government and militars, films, photosand phonograms among others, support the analysis developed. The field work carriedout between 2012 and 2014 paid particular attention to the way in which memoryacted in the reconstruction of information about past experiences in the group inquestion. From the ex-combatants selected, the diversity of patents and functions,from furriel to lieutenant-general, from the head of the inaugural service ofpsychological action to the operation of radio communications, through entertainmentand animation, ensures in this study a view considered very representative in thisresearch. Future studies will be able to gather in the information presented here,original, that thus becomes available for the development of a field of investigationthat is only still in initial stage.

Abstract:

Tese de mestrado, Estudos de Teatro, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2012
Entre a multiplicidade de práticas cénicas que o actual panorama teatral oferece,escolhi uma pequena amostra que, pelas suas características, pode ser vista comoidentificativa de alguma prática cénica dos últimos anos, em Portugal. O percurso docriador Miguel Loureiro, cujo trabalho se vem pautando por criações que privilegiama justaposição e a transversalidade de linguagens e em que encenador e dramaturgistase fundem na linguagem performativa criando estruturas que apostam nafragmentação e colagem de textos, será o exemplo predominante e o cerne destadissertação.Este estudo versará sobre a contextualização do trabalho realizado por este criador, osecos que dele emanam e a abordagem ao esquema de trabalho do mesmo, tomandocomo exemplo o espectáculo Como rebolar alegremente sobre um vazio exterior,estreado no Porto, no Teatro Carlos Alberto, a 22 de maio de 2010, de modo aidentificar o que torna tão específica a sua linha de criação e, no fundo, o que ocaracteriza enquanto encenador na era do teatro pós-dramático.
ABSTRACT: From the multiplicity of practices and creators offered up by the current theatricalpanorama, I have chosen a particular reality that may help identify certain scenicpractices that have been produced in Portugal in recent years.At the core of this dissertation is the professional trajectory of Miguel Loureiro. Thetheater practitioner’s work has been highlighted by an emphasis on the juxtapositionand transversal use of languages where the roles of director and dramaturge mergewithin the performative language. Loureiro creates structures that rely on textfragmentation and collage and his work will serve as a predominant referencethroughout this paper.The proposed dissertation will focus on both the contextualization as well as theechoes emanating from Miguel Loureiro’s work. It will also look at the director’smethods through his show How to roll Merrily Over an Exterior Emptiness (Comorebolar alegremente sobre um vazio exterior) which premiered at the Carlos AlbertoTheatre in Oporto on the 22nd of May, 2010. Through this the paper will seek toidentify what makes Loureiro’s creative line of thought so specific as well as whatmakes the artist stand out as a director of the post-dramatic age.

Abstract:

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, 2017.
Exame público realizado em 16 de Outubro de 2017.
A presente dissertação tem como objectivo fazer uma reflexão sobre a importância e a influência do silêncio na Arquitectura. Investiga o diálogo da Escultura, Pintura e Música com o espaço arquitectónico. Fá-lo quer ao nível conceptual, quer ao nível programático. O tema “Espaços de Arte e Silêncio” surgiu da necessidade de sustentar a proposta realizada no âmbito de Projecto III, cuja ideia passa por potencializar o silêncio. Assim, numa primeira fase do trabalho exploramos os conceitos de silêncio, esvaziar e pausa no confronto da Escultura, Pintura e Música com a Arquitectura, através de uma estratégia que permite ao Homem refugiar-se dos estímulos agressores do nosso Mundo. Numa segunda fase, apresentamos a leitura crítica de três obras arquitectónicas com características distintas, quer ao nível do programa e território, quer ao nível do contexto, díspares no tempo e na função. Tentaremos mostrar as particularidades que tornam estas obras “Espaços de Arte e Silêncio”. Por fim, expomos a importância de “Espaços de Arte e Silêncio” na reedificação de um território ruidoso e marginalizado, especialmente na consolidação social e urbana, através de novas dinâmicas espaciais e silenciosas. Concluímos com o estudo prático no âmbito da unidade curricular Projecto III, da proposta de Centro Cultural de Apoio aos Sem Abrigo, para a encosta nascente do Vale de Alcântara, em Lisboa.

Abstract:

Much of the research on the Palestinian Resistance Movement focuses on the period of its most active international terrorism, roughly between the June 1967 Arab-Israeli war and October 1977. These studies focus largely on the violent acts of the movement’s operatives and the movement’s Marxist political theory during this time. Less has been written, however, about the movement’s development prior to 1967, or the relationship between traditional forms of anti-colonial resistance and tribal violence in Palestinian society and the forms of resistance that manifested within the Palestinian Resistance Movement. This thesis analyzes the development of political critiques and theories on the use of political violence within the organizations of Palestinian Resistance between the nakba in 1948 and the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, tracing them back to the traditional sociopolitical structures that regulated authority and tribal violence in Palestine prior to the twentieth century. Due to a variety of economic and political forces at work in the region, political authority among Arab Palestinians shifted from rural kinship-based networks to urban patronage-based networks between roughly 1858 and 1922. This resulted in a disconnection between those wielding political and economic influence and the population’s center of mass, which remained in the rural hinterlands. This dual structure, which ultimately contributed to the failure of nationalist Palestinian leaders to effectively harness peasant anticolonial resistance during the British Mandate to strategic ends, was a central element in the critique of mid-century Palestinian Resistance Movement thinkers, and informed the theories they generated during this time. As an illustration of Palestinian resistance thought during this period, I analyze the content and editorial perspective of Filasṭīn, a newspaper published by the Arab Nationalist Movement from 1964 to 1967. Through this newspaper, the ANM clearly articulated a position on Arab government and the use of violence for political ends which remained a major influence in the theories of the movement after 1967.
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Abstract:

Tese de doutoramento, Belas-Artes (Escultura), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas-Artes, 2012
Quando tudo se torna estético a própria noção de arte corre o risco de desaparecer. O facto de se privilegiar a imagem à custa de exercícios plástico-formais, de maior ou menor complexidade, tem conduzido a uma compreensão empobrecida do espaço construído, transformando o espaço social numa abstração fetichizada. Assim, debruçámo-nos, fundamentalmente, sobre a produção artística ao nível da escultura e da arquitetura, a partir de meados do séc. XX, de forma a compreender, de que modo os progressos tecnológicos que ocorreram, durante e após o período da 2ª grande guerra, tiveram uma influência determinante no processo conceptual de idealização da escultura e da arquitetura a partir de então. Para além disso, tomou-se como ponto de partida o movimento Minimalista, como o movimento artístico surgido durante a década de sessenta, que se afirmou por negar a arte cartesiana europeia, pela via fenomenológica e por contestar os limites disciplinares definidos pelo Modernismo. Neste campo indefinido, propício à pluralidade de linguagens e ao confronto de protagonismos, a emergência de uma estética “minimal” assumiu rapidamente um sentido disciplinador de contenção e economia visual. Uma espécie de estabilização canónica que traduziu uma prática escultórica e arquitetónica reconduzidas ao limite mínimo da sua expressão plástica.
When everything becomes aesthetic the concept of art itself becomes in danger of disappearing. The increasing focus on image, at the expense of plastic-formal exercises, of varying complexity, has led to an impoverished understanding of the built environment, transforming the space into a social fetishized abstraction. Thus, we focused primarily on the sculptural and architectural productions, from mid XXth century, in order to understand how the technological advances that took place during and after the period of the 2nd World War, had a decisive influence on the conceptual processes of idealization of sculpture and architecture since then, allowing an approximation of the two areas. The Minimalist movement, became a refernce to the contemporary art for its ability to deny the European Cartesian art throug fenomenology, besides it contested the Modernist limits of the arts and defended a new interdisciplinary way of understanding it. In this indefinite field, enabling the plurality of languages and the confrontation of protagonisms, the emergence of a "minimal" aesthetic quickly assumed a sense of discipline based in a restraint visual economy. A sort of stabilization canon that reflected a sculptural and architectural practice reduced to the minimum of its plastic expression.